Lebedinovka. Dump of Construction and Household Waste
Any unauthorized dump is not only very unaesthetic but also dangerous. Each such pile is a peculiar chemical laboratory, producing harmful toxins and spreading contaminated substances around it. Atmospheric precipitation, passing through heaps of garbage like a filter, enters the soil, and then into underground waters, rivers, and lakes, altering their chemical and physical composition. An unauthorized dump, like a legal one, is a real breeding ground for infection. Such places quickly attract mice and rats, birds, cats, and dogs.
Dumps cause significant harm to nature and the environment, violating existing sanitary and hygiene norms and requirements. Chemical substances that do not undergo biochemical decomposition in waste materials are released into the environment. When waste ignites, harmful compounds enter the air. The leachate formed at illegal dumps has a toxic effect on groundwater and underground waters used as sources of drinking water.
The most harmful are chemical liquids remaining in used containers from fuel, lubricants, and cleaning agents. One volume of petroleum product, whether crude oil or products of its distillation—gasoline, kerosene, and other fuels—renders absolutely unsuitable for life two million (2,000,000) equal volumes of water. Therefore, even seemingly insignificant amounts of these liquids left at the bottom of cans, bottles, and other containers can lead to the death of aquatic inhabitants in a small pond or lake. This is because petroleum products form a very thin film on the water, disrupting gas exchange, the nature of surface agitation, and heat transfer. Modern machine oil causes particularly great harm to nature; in addition to the general harmful effects common to all petroleum products, it is also very toxic due to the additives used in modern oils.
Surface-active (detergent) substances cause enormous damage to nature. When they enter the soil and water, they disrupt the water absorption regime in plants. Like petroleum products, they create surface films that hinder the reception and nourishment of aquatic animals.
Not only "aesthetic" but also quite real damage to animals and plants is caused by heaps of small and seemingly "cellular" waste (netted packaging, boxes with rods, and other packaging items with numerous holes of varying calibers). Small waste swallowed by animals often causes blockage of the esophagus, damage to the gastrointestinal tract, and even, like cellular packaging, asphyxiation.
Abandoned fishing gear, especially nets, pose a particular danger. The harm from such nets is due to the fact that the accumulated dead fish within them become a source of diseases, and during winter and summer heat, due to decay, they cause so-called "fish kills," leading to massive deaths of fish and other aquatic organisms. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that nets and other fishing gear made from durable, non-decomposing synthetic materials (fishing line spools) retain their harmful properties often for several, and sometimes even dozens of years.
Sheet polymer materials (polyethylene film, plastic bags, etc.) cause effects related to mulching surfaces of land and water, which in turn leads to local redistribution of moisture and evaporation rates. The light flow is also altered, leading to changes in the temperature of soil and water. Sheet materials, covering areas of relief and water bodies, create special conditions that favor the development of both beneficial (feeding organisms) and pathogenic microflora (disease-causing bacteria and fungi).
Food products left in the "wild" can also have both positive and clearly negative impacts on natural communities of organisms. In the first case, food left by tourists serves as feed for animals or organic fertilizer for plants. In the second case, the accumulation of organic substances can lead to excessive enrichment of the water body with nutrients, resulting in degradation of biological diversity and other negative consequences.
The outcome of this concerning rivers and lakes can be truly lamentable. Here are some examples. Deterioration of habitat quality leads to a whole chain of negative consequences: the living conditions of microorganisms change, some populations die out, while others reproduce excessively, disrupting the ecological balance of ecosystems. Mutations occur in fish and aquatic and coastal inhabitants. The reproductive function of living organisms is disrupted. When certain plastics and materials decompose, micro-particles smaller than 5 mm are formed. As a result, they enter the tissues of aquatic inhabitants, primarily fish.
Aquatic pathogens in the form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses, arising from human and animal activities, are the main cause of illness due to contaminated drinking water. The most dangerous diseases resulting from the consumption of contaminated water are cholera and typhoid fever. Even in developed countries, accidental or illegal discharges from treatment facilities, as well as runoff from farms and urban areas, lead to the emergence of harmful pathogenic microorganisms in surface and groundwater.
Another danger comes from waters contaminated with heavy metals; substances such as lead, mercury, and arsenic can cause various health problems. The situation is further aggravated by serious water pollution from pesticides and nitrate fertilizers.
Once these substances enter the body, they begin to wreak havoc, provoking a wide range of diseases from cancer to hormone disruption and changes in brain function. Children and pregnant women are particularly at risk. Even swimming can be dangerous. According to statistics, Kyrgyzstani people encounter health problems such as skin rashes, acute shock, respiratory infections, and hepatitis in coastal waters polluted with wastewater every year.
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